新生儿脑电生理监测分级管理专家共识北大核心CSCD

美国临床神经生理学协会已经发表了新生儿脑电图监测指南,中国也发表了新生儿振幅整合脑电图(amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram,aEEG)专家共识。由于缺乏脑电监测设备和专业解读人员,不同级别的新生儿病房很难严格按照指南或共识进行脑电监测。中华医学会儿科学分会新生儿学组成立了由新生儿、儿童神经和神经电生理专业人员组成的专家组对已经发表的指南和专家共识及相关领域的文献进行审查,建立了适用于不同级别新生儿病房脑电监测的分层管理建议。基于视频脑电图和aEEG特点,根据当地医疗资源和患儿疾病特征,专家组认为视频脑电图和aEEG可以互相补充应用,适用于不同级别的新生儿病房。该共识对促进新生儿、儿童神经和神经电生理专业人员之间的合作和远程脑电监测实施提出了建议。     

A systematic approach to controlling problem bleeds in patients with severe congenital haemophilia A and high-titre inhibitors

The presence of inhibitory antibodies to clotting factors complicates the treatment of bleeding in haemophilia patients. For patients with high-titre inhibitors, bypassing agents are essential to haemostatic management. To determine optimal treatment practices, an international panel of physicians convened to develop a systematic treatment approach for problem bleeds (i.e. bleeds that are unresponsive to initial therapy with a single agent within a reasonable amount of time) in haemophilia patients with inhibitors. AIM: The goal of this panel was to develop a consensus algorithm that would aid physicians in considering a variety of treatment approaches to optimize patient care by preventing extensive therapy with inadequate treatments that may lead to suboptimal patient outcomes and unnecessary costs. METHODS: Consensus opinions were analyzed for clinical preferences at different time periods, depending on patient response to treatment. Decision-making points were defined based on the type of bleed: every 8-12 h for the first 24 h, then every 24 h thereafter for limb-threatening bleeds; every 2-4 h for 2-7 days for life-threatening bleeds. RESULTS: The resultant consensus guidelines provide a generalized methodology to guide the treatment of problem bleeds in patients with severe haemophilia A and inhibitors, and emphasize changing treatment at the first sign of an inadequate haemostatic response. The treatment algorithms apply to both paediatric and adult patients, although the differences between the two groups were reviewed. CONCLUSION: These guidelines are focused on optimising the timing of treatment decisions, which may lead to faster responses and improved outcomes.     

中国进展期乳腺癌共识指南（CABC 2015）

在2013年出版的《首届中国进展期乳腺癌共识指南（草案）》（CABC1）的基础上,本指南进一步更新了进展期乳腺癌诊疗过程的一般原则、相关的定义、疗效的评估、不良反应的管理及不同治疗方法的基本策略等内容;专家组系统阅读国内外各种关于进展期乳腺癌的临床研究（包括回顾性的资料分析）,整理并总结了各种相关指南,召开会议组织专家进行了多次讨论,将在循证医学基础上达成的专家共识整理成文,为从事乳腺癌专业的医生,尤其是以治疗进展期乳腺癌为主要专业的医生,提供参考。     

Applying mental model methods to characterize understanding of gene-environment influences: the case of podoconiosis in Ethiopia

The rapid pace of genomic discovery has raised public expectation and concerns about the utility of new discoveries and their potential to exacerbate health disparities. Improving literacy concerning gene and environmental (GxE) contributors to disease is needed to avoid commonly observed deterministic misconceptions about genomics. Mental models approaches that incorporate community engagement processes could be used to inform GxE literacy-building interventions. We used a mental models approach to describe and systematically compare expert and lay understanding of GxE interactions, using the example of podoconiosis, a non-infectious lymphedema endemic in highland Ethiopia. Methods included: (1) specifying elicitation questions for a literature review, (2) eliciting an expert model, (3) eliciting a lay model, and (4) comparing the two models. We used a coding scheme to identify lay participants’ knowledge gaps, misunderstandings, and extra knowledge relative to the expert standard. Results indicated that lay participants’ viewed poverty as an important susceptibility factor and considered heredity and contagion to have a joint causal influence. Experts did not endorse either of these viewpoints. Conventional expert-based interventions aimed to correct misconceptions about behaviors important for prevention may be stymied by lay views that social environmental factors have more important influences on health outcomes. GxE literacy interventions that consider multiple levels of influence including social determinants of health and personal resilience to augment health education strategies are needed in diverse settings. Novel communication approaches will be needed to help target audiences disentangle long-held conceptions of heredity and contagion.     

The Role of Intuitive Cognition in Radiologic Decision Making

The decision making involved in radiologic interpretation entails distinct cognitive pathways. On one side is analytic reasoning, which represents a deliberate, stepwise process integrating discrete data to formulate an interpretation, in which a range of diagnostic possibilities are directly compared. On the other side is intuition, which represents an automatic, rapid, and holistic form of decision making that generates an interpretation absent the sequential processing of data and direct comparison of possibilities. Nonexpert intuitive cognition often reflects domain-independent heuristics (ie, mental rules of thumb) that are often effective but prone to bias and systematic error. In contrast, expert intuition reflects the domain-specific skills developed among highly experienced practitioners who have gained deep knowledge in a given task domain from extensive practice and feedback. In this article, the authors define intuitive cognition, show evidence for its pervasive use among experts in a variety of fields, and explain its strengths and weaknesses relative to deliberate reasoning. Developing expert intuition requires the opportunity to learn from reliable feedback, and the authors describe various measures that can be used by radiology departments to foster such opportunities. Finally, the authors discuss implications for diagnostic performance and error reduction in clinical radiology.     

心脑宁胶囊治疗动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病临床应用专家共识

本共识建立了成人动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)高危人群规范应用心脑宁胶囊以提升疗效的关键流程,概述了心脑宁胶囊的中医配伍理论、药学和药理研究特性,界定了心脑宁胶囊的精确适用人群、干预时机、病证疗效特点及优选应用方案,归纳了心脑宁胶囊的不良反应、使用禁忌、注意事项及非临床安全性等相关证据。本共识适合ASCVD相关专业领域的执业医师、执业中医医师和执业中西医结合医师使用。     

自然流产诊治中国专家共识（2020年版）

自然流产（spontaneous abortion，SA）是妇产科最常见的妊娠并发症之一。育龄期女性发生1次SA的风险为10%左右［1］。复发性流产（recurrent spontaneous abortion，RSA）的发生率为1%～5%［2］，RSA的复发风险随着流产次数的增加而上升。曾有3次以上连续自然流产史的患者再次妊娠后胚胎丢失率为40%～80%［3］。如果不及时干预，不仅会给患者及其家庭带来严重的经济负担，而且还将对患者的身心健康造成极大的影响。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。